Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection

Management of Medication Toxicity or Intolerance

Lactic Acidosis

References ^1-21

General Reviews

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3. Tukei VJ, Asiimwe A, Maganda A, et al. Safety and tolerability of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children and adolescents in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59(3):274-280. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22126740.
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Risk Factors

7. Aperis G, Paliouras C, Zervos A, Arvanitis A, Alivanis P. Lactic acidosis after concomitant treatment with metformin and tenofovir in a patient with HIV infection. J Ren Care. 2011;37(1):25-29. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21288314.
8. Konala VM, Adapa KP, Dinesh KP. et al. Lamivudine-associated lactic acidosis. Am J Ther. 2022;29(4):449-451. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35622009.
9. Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) [package insert]. Food and Drug Administration. 2020. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/021251s059,021906s054lbl.pdf.
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11. Fortuin-de Smidt M, de Waal R, Cohen K, et al. First-line antiretroviral drug discontinuations in children. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0169762. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28192529.
12. Lim TY, Poole RL, Pageler NM. Propylene glycol toxicity in children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19(4):277-282. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762872.
13. Kirmse B, Hobbs L, Aaron L, et al. Acylcarnitines and genetic variation in fat oxidation genes in HIV-infected, antiretroviral-treated children with and without myopathy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2022;41(8):e306-e311. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35622436.
14. Mamiafo CT, Moor VJ, Nansseu JR, Pieme CA, Tayou C, Yonkeu JN. Hyperlactatemia in a group of HIV patients living in Yaounde-Cameroon. AIDS Res Ther. 2014;11(1):2. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24428886.
15. Matthews LT, Giddy J, Ghebremichael M, et al. A risk-factor guided approach to reducing lactic acidosis and hyperlactatemia in patients on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e18736. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21494566.
16. Moren C, Noguera-Julian A, Garrabou G, et al. Mitochondrial evolution in HIV-infected children receiving first- or second-generation nucleoside analogues. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60(2):111-116. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22362155.
17. Tetteh RA, Nartey ET, Lartey M, et al. Association between the occurrence of adverse drug events and modification of first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in Ghanaian HIV patients. Drug Saf. 2016;39(11):1139-1149. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27638659.
18. Wester CW, Eden SK, Shepherd BE, et al. Risk factors for symptomatic hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis among combination antiretroviral therapy-treated adults in Botswana: results from a clinical trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2012;28(8):759-765. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22540188.

Monitoring and Management

19. Arnouk S, Whitsett M, Papadopoulos Z, et al. Successful treatment of tenofovir alafenamide-induced lactic acidosis: a case report. J Pharm Pract. 2022;8971900221105042. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35635046.
20. Barlow-Mosha L, Eckard AR, McComsey GA, Musoke PM. Metabolic complications and treatment of perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(1):18600. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782481.
21. Claessens YE, Cariou A, Monchi M, et al. Detecting life-threatening lactic acidosis related to nucleoside-analog treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, and treatment with L-carnitine. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(4):1042-1047. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12682470.
22. Kraut JA, Madias NE. Lactic acidosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(24):2309-2319. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25494270.
23. Marfo K, Garala M, Kvetan V, Gasperino J. Use of Tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane in severe lactic acidosis due to highly active antiretroviral therapy: a case report. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2009;34(1):119-123. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125910.
24. Jung B, Martinez M, Claessens YE, et al. Diagnosis and management of metabolic acidosis: guidelines from a French expert panel. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9(1):92. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31418093.