Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection

Management of Medication Toxicity or Intolerance

Dyslipidemia

References

1. Aldrovandi GM, Lindsey JC, Jacobson DL, et al. Morphologic and metabolic abnormalities in vertically HIV-infected children and youth. AIDS. 2009;23(6):661-672. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19279441.
2. Arpadi S, Shiau S, Strehlau R, et al. Metabolic abnormalities and body composition of HIV-infected children on lopinavir or nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(4):258-264. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220209.
3. Barlow-Mosha L, Eckard AR, McComsey GA, Musoke PM. Metabolic complications and treatment of perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18600. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23782481.
4. Blazquez D, Ramos-Amador JT, Sainz T, et al. Lipid and glucose alterations in perinatally-acquired HIV-infected adolescents and young adults. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:119. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25880777.
5. Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Musiime V, Szubert AJ, et al. Prevalence of lipodystrophy and metabolic abnormalities in HIV-infected African children after 3 years on first-line antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(2):e23-31. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25068287.
6. Casado JL, de Los Santos I, Del Palacio M, et al. Lipid-lowering effect and efficacy after switching to etravirine in HIV-infected patients with intolerance to suppressive HAART. HIV Clin Trials. 2013;14(1):1-9. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23372109.
7. Cid-Silva P, Fernandez-Bargiela N, Margusino-Framinan L, et al. Treatment with tenofovir alafenamide fumarate worsens the lipid profile of HIV-infected patients versus treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, each coformulated with elvitegravir, cobicistat, and emtricitabine. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019;124(4):479-490. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30388308.
8. Courlet P, Livio F, Alves Saldanha S, et al. Real-life management of drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and statins. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(7):1972-1980. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240298.
9. Dejkhamron P, Unachak K, Aurpibul L, Sirisanthana V. Insulin resistance and lipid profiles in HIV-infected Thai children receiving lopinavir/ritonavir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014;27(5-6):403-412. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24259240.
10. Echecopar-Sabogal J, D’Angelo-Piaggio L, Chaname-Baca DM, Ugarte-Gil C. Association between the use of protease inhibitors in highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;29(5):443-452. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28956700.
11. Echeverria P, Bonjoch A, Puig J, Ornella A, Clotet B, Negredo E. Significant improvement in triglyceride levels after switching from ritonavir to cobicistat in suppressed HIV-1-infected subjects with dyslipidaemia. HIV Med. 2017;18(10):782-786. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28671337.
12. Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128 Suppl 5(Suppl 5):S213-256. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22084329.
13. Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: interactions between certain HIV or hepatitis C drugs and cholesterol-lowering statin drugs can increase the risk of muscle injury. 2012. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-interactions-between-certain-hiv-or-hepatitis-c-drugs-and-cholesterol.
14. Grand M, Bia D, Diaz A. Cardiovascular risk assessment in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of real-life data. Curr HIV Res. 2020;18(1):5-18. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31830884.
15. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1046-e1081. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30565953.
16. Hazra R, Cohen RA, Gonin R, et al. Lipid levels in the second year of life among HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected Latin American children. AIDS. 2012;26(2):235-240. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22008654.
17. Innes S, Abdullah KL, Haubrich R, Cotton MF, Browne SH. High prevalence of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in HIV-infected pre-pubertal African children on antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;35(1):e1-7. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26421804.
18. Irira ME, Philemon RN, Mmbaga JY, et al. Dyslipidemia in HIV-infected children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy receiving care at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Infect Dis (Auckl). 2020;13:1178633720948860. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32922028.
19. Jacobson DL, Williams P, Tassiopoulos K, Melvin A, Hazra R, Farley J. Clinical management and follow-up of hypercholesterolemia among perinatally HIV-infected children enrolled in the PACTG 219C study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57(5):413-420. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21602698.
20. Jao J, Yu W, Patel K, et al. Improvement in lipids after switch to boosted atazanavir or darunavir in children/adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV on older protease inhibitors: results from the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study. HIV Med. 2018;19(3):175-183. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29159965.
21. Kauppinen KJ, Kivela P, Sutinen J. Switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide significantly worsens the lipid profile in a real-world setting. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(12):500-506. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31742421.
22. Lagoutte-Renosi J, Flammang M, Chirouze C, et al. Real-life impact on lipid profile of a switch from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in HIV-infected patients. Curr HIV Res. 2021;19(1):84-89. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32838719.
23. Langat A, Benki-Nugent S, Wamalwa D, et al. Lipid changes in Kenyan HIV-1-infected infants initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy by 1 year of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(7):e298-304. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385950.
24. Lazzaretti RK, Kuhmmer R, Sprinz E, Polanczyk CA, Ribeiro JP. Dietary intervention prevents dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals: a randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(11):979-988. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22402068.
25. Lee FJ, Monteiro P, Baker D, et al. Rosuvastatin vs. protease inhibitor switching for hypercholesterolaemia: a randomized trial. HIV Med. 2016;17(8):605-614. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26987376.
26. Melvin AJ, Montepiedra G, Aaron L, et al. Safety and efficacy of atorvastatin in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children, adolescents and young adults with hyperlipidemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(1):53-60. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27749649.
27. O’Gorman CS, O’Neill MB, Conwell LS. Considering statins for cholesterol-reduction in children if lifestyle and diet changes do not improve their health: a review of the risks and benefits. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:1-14. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21339908.
28. Patel K, Lindsey J, Angelidou K, Aldrovandi G, Palumbo P, IMPAACT P1060 Study Team. Metabolic effects of initiating lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimens among young children. AIDS. 2018;32(16):2327-2336. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30102656.
29. Ramteke SM, Shiau S, Foca M, et al. Patterns of growth, body composition, and lipid profiles in a South African cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017;7(2):143-150. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28481997.
30. Rhoads MP, Lanigan J, Smith CJ, Lyall EG. Effect of specific ART drugs on lipid changes and the need for lipid management in children with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57(5):404-412. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21499114.m
31. Sax PE, Wohl D, Yin MT, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, coformulated with elvitegravir, cobicistat, and emtricitabine, for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: two randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trials. Lancet. 2015;385(9987):2606-2615. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25890673.
32. Singh S, Willig JH, Mugavero MJ, et al. Comparative effectiveness and toxicity of statins among HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):387-395. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21189273.
33. Strehlau R, Coovadia A, Abrams EJ, et al. Lipid profiles in young HIV-infected children initiating and changing antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60(4):369-376. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22134152.
34. Taramasso L, Tatarelli P, Ricci E, et al. Improvement of lipid profile after switching from efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors to rilpivirine or once-daily integrase inhibitors: results from a large observational cohort study (SCOLTA). BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):357. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30064371.
35. Tassiopoulos K, Williams PL, Seage GR, 3rd, et al. Association of hypercholesterolemia incidence with antiretroviral treatment, including protease inhibitors, among perinatally HIV-infected children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47(5):607-614. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18209684.
36. Vieira ADS, Silveira G. Effectiveness of n-3 fatty acids in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV/AIDS patients: a meta-analysis. Cien Saude Colet. 2017;22(8):2659-2669. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28793080.